Tag Archives: nonlocality

Q+ Hangout: Howard Wiseman

Posted on 20 November, 2014 by | Leave a comment

Here are the details of the next Q+ hangout.

Date/time: Wed. 26th Nov. 2014 10pm GMT/UTC

Speaker: Howard Wiseman (Griffith University)

Title: After 50 years, Bell’s Theorem Still Reverberates

Abstract:
Fifty years ago this month, Belfast-born physicist John Bell submitted for publication a paper [1] which has been described as “the most profound discovery in science” [2]. However, its significance is still much disputed by physicists and philosophers [3, 4].
I will explain what is so puzzling about the types of correlations Bell introduced, by a specific example based on [5]. (For those well-versed in Bell inequalities this may still be of pedagogical interest.)
But what exactly do these Bell-type correlations violate? Bell’s original answer [1] was the joint assumptions of determinism and locality. His later answer [6] was the single assumption of local causality (which, confusingly, he sometimes also called locality). Different ‘camps’ of physicists – operationalists and realists respectively – prefer the different versions of Bell’s theorem.

Which of Bell’s notions, locality or local causality, expresses the causal structure of Einstein’s theory of relativity? I will argue for the answer: neither [3,4]. Both notions require an additional causal assumption, and the one required for local causality is a stronger one. I will discuss how the different assumptions fit with the ideologies of the two camps, and how they can best be reconciled.

[1]  J. S. Bell, “On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox”, Physics 1, 195-200 (1964).
[2]  H. P. Stapp, “Are superluminal connections necessary?”, Nuovo Cim. 40B, 191 (1977).
[3]  H. M. Wiseman, “The two Bell’s theorems of John Bell”, J. Phys. A 47, 424001 (2014) (Invited Review for Special Issue, 50 years of Bell’s theorem)
[4]  H. M. Wiseman, “Bell’s theorem still reverberates”, Nature 510, 467-9 (2014).
[5] P. K. Aravind, “Bell’s theorem without inequalities and only two distant observers”,  Found. Phys. Lett. 15, 397 (2002).
[6]  J. S. Bell, “The Theory of Local Beables”, Epistemological Lett. 9, 11-24 (1976).

To watch the talk live, visit the event page at the appointed hour.

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Q+ Hangout: Tobias Fritz

Posted on 11 March, 2014 by | Leave a comment

Here are the details of the next Q+ hangout. To watch live, visit the event page at the appointed hour. Be aware of the fact that although North America has switched to DST, the UK has not yet and the time is still listed in GMT/UTC.

Date/time: Tuesday 25th March 2014 2pm GMT/UTC

Speaker: Tobias Fritz (Perimeter Institute)

Title: A Combinatorial Approach to Nonlocality and Contextuality

Abstract:
Most work on contextuality so far has focused on specific examples and concrete proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem, while general definitions and theorems about contextuality are sparse. For example, it is commonly believed that nonlocality is a special case of contextuality, but what exactly does this mean? After a brief discussion of previous work, I will introduce our “device-independent” approach to contextuality based on the mathematics of test spaces and explain how nonlocality is indeed a special case of contextuality. This work builds on the graph-theoretic approach of Cabello, Severini and Winter by improving on several of its shortcomings and merging it with the work of Foulis and Randall on test spaces. Our results include:

(1) various relationships to graph invariants, similar to CSW;

(2) a proof that our set of quantum models cannot be characterized by a graph invariant;

(3) a proof that the set of all models satisfying the Consistent Exclusivity principle at any number of copies is not convex;

(4) new results on the Shannon capacity of graphs;

(5) an “inverse sandwich conjecture” with ramifications for C*-algebra theory and quantum logic.

This talk is based on arXiv:1212.4084.

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Q+ Hangout: Rob Spekkens

Posted on 13 November, 2012 by | Leave a comment

Here are the details of the next Q+ hangout.

Date/time: Tuesday 20th November 2pm GMT/UTC

Speaker: Rob Spekkens (Perimeter Institute)

Title: Quantum correlations from the perspective of causal discovery algorithms

Abstract: If correlation does not imply causation, then what does? The beginning of a rigorous answer to this question has been provided by researchers in machine learning, who have developed causal discovery algorithms. These take as their input facts about correlations among a set of observed variables and return as their output a causal structure relating these variables. We show that any attempt to provide a causal explanation of Bell-inequality-violating correlations must contradict a core principle of these algorithms, namely, that an observed statistical independence between variables should not be explained by fine-tuning of the causal parameters. In particular, we demonstrate the need for such fine-tuning for most of the causal mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie Bell correlations, including superluminal causal influences, superdeterminism (that is, a denial of freedom of choice of settings), and retrocausal influences which do not introduce causal cycles. This work suggests a novel perspective on the assumptions underlying Bell’s theorem: the nebulous assumption of “realism” is replaced with the principle that all correlations ought to be explained causally, and Bell’s notion of local causality is replaced with the assumption of no fine-tuning. Finally, we discuss the possibility of avoiding the fine-tuning by replacing conditional probabilities with a noncommutative generalization thereof.

Based on arXiv:1208.4119.

Joint work with Chris Wood.

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Q+ Hangout: Francesco Buscemi

Posted on 13 August, 2012 by | Leave a comment

Here are the details for the next Q+ hangout.

Date: 28th August 2012

Time: 2pm British Summer Time

Speaker: Francesco Buscemi (Nagoya University)

Title: All entangled quantum states are nonlocal: equivalence between locality and separability in quantum theory

Abstract:

In this talk I will show how, by slightly modifying the rules of nonlocal games, one can prove that all entangled states violate local realism.

As it is well known, Bell inequalities, which are used to test the violation of local realism, can be equivalently reformulated in terms of nonlocal games (namely, cooperative games with incomplete information) played between one referee and two (or more) players, these latter being separated so to make any form of communication between them impossible during the game. Quantum nonlocality is that property of quantum states that allows players sharing them to win nonlocal games more frequently than the assumption of local realism would imply.

However, as Werner proved in 1989, not all quantum states enable such a violation of local realism. In particular, Werner showed the existence of quantum states that cannot be created locally (the so-called “entangled” states) and, yet, do not allow any violation of local realism in nonlocal games. This fact has been since then considered an unsatisfactory gap in the theory, attracting a considerable amount of attentions in the literature.

In this talk I will present a simple proof of the fact that all entangled states indeed violate local realism. This will be done by considering a new larger class of nonlocal games, which I call “semiquantum,” differing from the old ones merely in that the referee can now communicate with the players through quantum channels, rather than being restricted to use classical ones, as it was tacitly assumed before. I will then prove that one quantum state always provides better payoffs than another quantum state, in semiquantum nonlocal games, if and only if the latter can be obtained from the former, by local operations and shared randomness (LOSR). The main claim will then follow as a corollary.

The new approach not only provides a clear theoretical picture of the relation between locality and separability, but also suggests, thanks to its simplicity, new experimental tests able in principle to verify the violation of local realism in situations where previous experiments would fail.

Based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1106.6095

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